Purbanchal University

Institute of open learning

Foundations of education

Third assignment

Tick (√) the best answer

• Which of the following is a demand-based policy of education?

1. A) Mass education

• Which of the following is associated to commutative social justice?

1. D) Free choice system of distribution

• Which slogan associated with inclusive education?

1. A) Who learn together, learn to live together .

• Which of the following is the aim of education for juvenile delinquents?

1. B) Rehabilitation

To whom, the right of selection of the type of education for the children has been assigned in “Universal Declaration of Human Right” on 10 December 1948 issued by UNO?

1. B) The parents

Which of the following is among the four priorities indentified by mid-term evaluation of Amman Summit, 1996 on “Education for All”?

1. A) Improvement of learning achievement

• Education as state responsibility was initiated in Nepal in …….

1. D) Modern period

• To which education program, the first textbook of Nepali language “Akshyaranka sikshya” was published?

1. A) Bhasa Pathsala

Which of the following educational institution was established to train administrative personnel before 2007 BS?

1. B) Shresta Shikshya

Period of educational development (2027 to 2048) can be credited to the influence of ………..

1. B) National Education System Plan

Which commission suggested for educational tax for managing financial resource of education? 

1. A) NNEPC, 2011

Which of the following commission suggested for the establishment of Open University in Nepal at first? 

1. D) HLNEC, 2055

• Which commission suggested for use of Nepali language for naming different level of educational institutions?

1. A) NNEPC, 2011

Which commission suggested for aim of early childhood education? 

1. B) ARNEC, 2018

Curriculum Development Center was established according to the recommendation of ……

1. C) NESP, 2028

Which of the following is an institutional level plan of education in Nepal?

1. D) School Improvement Plan

• What was the aim of lower secondary education according to National Education System Plan?

1. D) Character building

• Which of the following are elements of planning cycle of School Improvement Plan?

1. A) Plan-Implement-Evaluate

Identify the level of the objective “Expand qualitative secondary education for national development.” related to Secondary Education Support Program”.

1. A) Long-term objective

• Which of the following project/program initiated the concept of resource center?

1. B) Primary Education Project

• From which year, the project related to increase the access, quality and institutional development of primary education turned into a regular program?

1. C) 1997

The concept of alternative schools was initiated in the period of ………..

1. C) BPEP II

The concept of continuous assessment was initiated in the period of ………..

1. D) EFA

• Which thematic goal was added by Nepal in “Education for All” goals declared in Dakar conference?

1. B) Education in mother tongue for lingual minorities and ethnic groups

• Which of the following is the first university established at provincial level?

1. A) Gandaki University

Subjective questions

Q.Identify the obstacles in “Equal Opportunity in Education” and suggest the ways for handling these obstacles.

pQ/ M ;fdfGo cy{df lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ eGgfn] k|To]s afnaflnsfn] cfkm\gf] hft, lnË, wd{, efiff, cfly{s cj:yf, ef}uf]lns l:ylt h:tf s’g} klg cfwf/df e]befj gu/L u’0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ hgfpF5 . o;sf] p2]Zo ;a}nfO{ lzIff kx’Frof]Uo, pkof]uL / ;dfg ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg’ xf] . lzIffdf cfPsf gofF lrGtgaf6 lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/sf] wf/0ff ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . lzIffsf] cj;/af6 al~rt tyf ;’ljwfljlxg JolStx?nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ lbP/ ;dfgtfsf] glhs Nofpg k|of; ug{] p2]Zo o;df lglxt 5 . lzIffnfO{ cfwf/e”t cfjZostfsf] ?kdf :jLsf/]/ ljsl;t ug{], sNof0fsf/L /fHo :yfkgf ug{] / sd;]sd cfwf/e”t lzIff k|bfg u/fP/ hgzlSt ljsf; ug{] b[li6n] cfPsf] of] Pp6f ljZjJofkL gf/fsf] ?kdf b]lvG5 . lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/sf afws tTj tyf sl7gfOx? lgDg cg’;f/ 5g\ M

lzIffdf k|r’/ nufgLsf] cefj

lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug{ c;/ k’of{pg] Pp6f k|d’v tTj cfly{s cj:yf tyf ;d:of klg xf] . cljsl;t b]zx? rflxFbf] dfqfdf lzIffdf nufgL ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . ul/a b]zx?n] lzIffsf] txut ;+/rgf cg’;f/ pko”St cg’kft / b/df vr{ ug{ g;Sg] x’G5g\ . csf{tkm{ JolStut ?kdf klg wgL / ul/aLsf] sf/0fn] nufgLdf km/s kb{5 . o;af6 klg lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ k|fKt x’g ;Sb}g\ .

;dfg cj;/ c;dfg z}lIfs kl/0ffd

lgZro g} lzIff k|fKt ug{] ;dfg cj;/n] lgDg:t/Lo kl/jf/sf tLI0f Ifdtfsf afnaflnsfx? klg pRr :t/df k’Ug ;S5g\ . t/ ;a}n] ;dfg z}lIfs kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . o;df a[‘l4 tyf efiffn] e”ldsf v]N5 . ha;Dd z}lIfs kl/0ffddf c;dfgtf sfod /xG5 ta;Dd ;dfhdf ;fdflhs, cfly{s ?kdf c;dfgtf sfod g} /xG5 .

lzIffsf] sdhf]/ tyf lgDg:t/Lo cfwf/lznf

cljsl;t / ev{/ :jtGqtf k|fKt u/]sf b]zx?df cfkm\g}kgsf] lzIffsf] cfwf/lznf tof/ ug{ sl7g 5 . o:tf b]zdf j}1flgs 9+usf] lzIff k4lt ;+rfng ug{ rflxg] bIf hgzlStsf] cefj x’G5 . o;n] ubf{ c? b]zsf hgzlStdfly e/ kg{‘kg{] x’G5 . pgLx?n] c?sf] z}lIfs gLlt cg’z/0f ug{‘kg{] afWotf k5{ / ltgLx?;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{] Ifdtf b]vfpg ;Sb}gg\ . lzIffsf] cfwf/lznf sdhf]/ ePdf lzIffdf ;a}n] :yfg u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .

lzIffsf] u’0f:t/df hf]8 lbg g;Sg’

;a}nfO{ lzIffsf] k|j]zdf v’nf ul/P klg ltgLx?sf] u’0fdf hf]8 lbg] ls kl/df0ffdf eGg] l4ljwf pTkGg x’G5 . u’0fdf hf]8 lbFbf lgDg:t/Lo Ifdtfsf afnaflnsf emg kl5 kb{5g\ eg] kl/df0fdf hf]8 lFbf Ifdtfjfg tyf bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{] lzIffsf] p2]Zo g} c;kmn x’G5 .

lzIffdf ;’ljwfx?sf] ljt/0fdf c;dfgtf

lzIffdf ;’ljwfx?sf] ljt/0fdf c;dfgtfn] ;dfg lzIffdf 7″nf] afwf k’‍{ofpF5. ha ljBfnox¿df cfjZos k”j{fwf/, lzIfs, l;sfO ;fdu|L / k|ljlw ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf pknAw x’Fb}gGf, ta s]xL ljBfy{Lx¿ u’0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug{af6 jl~rt x’G5G. ljz]ifu/L u|fdL0f / b’u{d If]qsf ljBfnodf ;’ljwf cefj x’Fbf ToxfFsf ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{ /fd|f] lzIff kfpg sl7gfO x’G5 . o;n] ;fdflhs / cfly{s ¿kdf sdhf]/ ju{sf ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{ k5fl8 kf5{ / pgLx¿sf] z}lIfs k|ult sdhf]/ agfpF5 . ;fy}, k|ljlw / l8lh6n ;|f]tsf] kx’Frdf e]b x’Fbf cfhsf] ;dodf l;sfOdf 7″nf] c;dfgtf l;h{gf x’G5 .

JolStut ljleGgtf

afnaflnsfdf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;+j]ufTds, ;f+:s[lts kIfdf JolStut leGgtfx? x’G5g\ . o;n] klg z}lIfs cj;/sf] ;dfgtfdf k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . hGd}b]lv ;dfg cj:yf, ;dfg kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f, p:t} lzIff / jftfj/0fdf x’sf{pg] k|of; u/]klg afnaflnsfdf ;dfg ljsf; x’g ;Sb}g\ . kfl/jfl/s jf afa’ cfdfsf] wf/0ff, ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f, lzIfssf] dgf]j[lTt ljBfnodf kfOg] ;fdflhs jftfj/0f ;dfg agfpg] sfo{ klg sl7g x’G5 . csf{] s’/f ;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6n] af}l4s pknlAwdf x’g] c;dfgtf x6fpg ;Dej 5}g\ .

lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ j[l4 ug{] pkfox?

lzIffdf nufgL j[l4 ug{]

b]zn] lzIffdf h’g 9Fun] nufgL ul//x]sf] 5 To;df j[l4 ug{‘k5{ . nufgL j[l4 ugf{n] ljBfno ;+Vof j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . eO/x]sf ljBfnox?df sIffsf]7fx? yk ug{ ;lsG5, cGo ef}lts ;’ljwfdf j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIfs ;+Vof yk ug{ ;lsG5, ljljw z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf If]qx?df k|efjsf/L ?kdf nufgL a9fpg ;s]df z}lIfs ;’ljwfx? j[l4 x’G5 / c? a9L afnaflnsfx?n] lzIffdf :yfg kfpF5g\ / sd;]sd c? s]xL a9LnfO{ z}lIfs cj;/ k|fKt x’g5 .

Joj;flos tyf k|fljlws lzIff k|bfg ug{]

Joj;flos tyf k|fljlws lzIffn] lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ Nofpg dxTjk”0f{ e”ldsf v]N5 . o;n] ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{ s]jn ;}4flGts 1fg dfq geO{ Jofjxfl/s ;Lk / sfd ug{] bIftf k|bfg u5{, h;n] pgLx¿sf] /f]huf/L k|flKtsf] ;Defjgf a9fpF5 . cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ eP klg Joj;flos / k|fljlws lzIffn] ;:tf] / l;w} sfddf nfUg ldNg] tflnd lbP/ ;a} ju{sf ljBfy{LnfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf cj;/ lbG5 . ;fy}, of] lzIff o’jfx¿nfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg] / ;dfhsf ljleGg If]qx¿df bIf hgzlQm tof/ ug{] dfWod klg xf] . o;/L Joj;flos tyf k|fljlws lzIffn] lzIff k|0ffnLdf kx’Fr, /f]huf/L / cfly{s ;zlQms/0fsf lx;fan] ;dfg cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

;sf/fTds lje]bsf sfo{k4ltx? ckgfpg] n] s;/L ;dfg lzIff

;sf/fTds lje]bsf sfo{k4ltx¿ ckgfpFbf lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ n\ofpg 7″nf] d2t k’U5. ;sf/fTds lje]b eg]sf] ljz]if u/L sdhf]/, lk5l8Psf jf cn\k;+Vos ;d”xsf ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u / ;’ljwf k|bfg u/L pgLx¿sf] lzIff kx’Fr / u’0f:t/df ;’wf/ n\ofpg] k|lqmof xf]. o;n] ;a} ljBfy{LnfO{ ;dfg k|f/lDes cj:yf lbG5 / c;dfgtfaf6 pTkGg afwfx¿ x6fpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 5fqj[lQ, cltl/Qm l;sfO ;dy{g, efiff / ;f+:s[lts cfjZostfdf Wofg lbg], / ljz]if tflndsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{] h:tf pkfox¿n] sdhf]/ ;d”xsf ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{ k|lt:kw{fdf a/fa/L df}sf lbG5 .

lzIffk|lt ;sf/fTds k|j[ltsf] ljsf; ug{]

lzIffk|lt ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ ljsf; ub{f ;dfg lzIff / ;dfg cj;/ n\ofpg ;xof]u k’U5. ha ljBfy{L, cleefjs / ;dfhdf lzIff k|lt ?lr, ;Ddfg / dxTjfsf+Iff a9\5, ta ;a}n] lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]5G / o;sf nflu cfjZos k|of; ug{]5G. ;sf/fTds ;f]rn] ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{ cWoogdf nugzLn agfpF5 / pgLx¿sf] l;sfO Ifdtfdf j[l4 x’G5. ;fy}, cleefjs / ;d’bfon] lzIffdf ;xof]u k’‍{ofpFbf afnaflnsfsf] ljBfno hfg] b/ / lgoldttf a9\5. o;n] ljz]if u/L lk5l8Psf / sdhf]/ ju{sf ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{ klg lzIff k|flKtdf ;dfg cj;/ lbG5 .

lzIffdf lg0f{o lgdf{0fsf k|ls|ofx?df k|hftfGqLs/0fsf] gLlt Nofpg]

o;sf nflu lzIffsf] of]hgf,;+u7g d”Nof+sg, kf7\os|d lgdf{0f, gLlt lgodsf] th{‘df ubf{ ;j{;fwf/0f lzIff lbg’kb{5 ;fy} lzIffsf sfo{s|dx? th{‘df ubf{ ;d]t ;xefuL agfpg ;s]df To;k|ltsf] df]xn] klg lzIffdf ;+nUg x’g ?rfpF5g\ . o;n] ubf{ lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg u/fpg] gLltdf ;xof]u k’U5 .

Describe the major contribution of “opposition period” in the field of education in Nepal and present the reason of labeling this period as “opposition period”.

g]kfnsf] lzIff Oltxf;df /f0ff zf;gsf] nfdf] ;do -lj=;+ !()# b]lv @))& ;Dd_ nfO{ ljkIf sfn eg]/ lrlgG5 . of] ;dodf /f0ff zf;sx¿n] cfkm\gf] ;Qf / :jfy{ ;’/lIft /fVg lzIff lj:tf/df s8f lgoGq0f u/]sf lyP. pgLx¿nfO{ 8/ lyof] ls hgtfnfO{ lzlIft agfPdf /fhgLlts r]tgf a9]/ zf;glj?4 lj›f]x x’g ;S5. To;sf/0f, lzIffnfO{ s]jn b/afl/of / clehft ju{;Dd ;Lldt /flvof] / ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ c1fgd} /fVg] gLlt cjnDag ul/of] . t/ o;} sfndf cfw’lgs lzIffsf] s]xL cfwf/x¿ eg] ;’? eP . h:t}, b/af/ xfO{ :s”nsf] :yfkgf, s]xL kf7\ok’:ts k|sfzg / cfw’lgs lzIf0f k4ltsf] yfngL. oBlk oL ;a} zf;s ju{sf nflu dfq ;Lldt lyP . o;/L lzIffdf cfd hgtfsf] kx’FrnfO{ OGsf/ u/]/ lzIffnfO{ lj/f]w ug{] gLlt cjnDag ul/Psfn] o; sfnnfO{ ljkIf sfn eg]/ lrlgG5 .

lzIffIf]qdf d’Vo of]ubfgx¿ M

lzIff r]tgfsf] ljsf;

/f0ff zf;gsf] s8fOsf sf/0f ;fdfGo hgtfdf lzIff k|fKt ug{] cj;/ ;Lldt lyof] . oBlk, s]xL lzlIft ju{ / ;r]t gful/sx¿n] /f0ff zf;gsf] lj/f]w ub{} lzIffnfO{ ljsf;sf] d”n cfwf/sf ¿kdf :jLsf/] . o; sfndf lzIffk|lt hgr]tgf tLj| ultdf km}lnof] / dflg;x¿ lzIffsf] cfjZostf / dxQ\j a’em\g yfn].

u’Kt ljBfnox¿sf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng

/f0ffx¿n] v’nf ¿kdf ljBfno :yfkgf ug{ cg’dlt glbPsf] sf/0f u’Kt ¿kdf ljBfnox¿ ;~rfng ul/P . w]/} ;r]t gful/sx¿n] cfkm\gf] 3/, d7–dlGb/ tyf cGo uf]Ko :yfgdf ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{ lzlIft ug{ yfn]. o:tf ljBfnox¿n] ;fwf/0f ;fIf/tf dfq geO{ /fli6«otf / :jtGqtfsf] r]tgf klg km}nfP .

ljb]zdf lzIff k|flKtsf] cj;/

g]kfndf lzIff k|ltalGwt ePkl5 w]/} g]kfnL o’jfx¿ ef/t, bflh{lnª, agf/;, sf]nsftf tyf cGo 7fpFdf uP/ lzIff xfl;n ug{ yfn] . ljb]zdf lzIff k|fKt u/]sf o’jfx¿ gofF ljrf/, nf]stflGqs r]tgf / cfw’lgs 1fg lnP/ g]kfn kmls{P, h;n] g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ hfu[t u/fof] .

/fli6«otf / :jtGqtfsf] r]tgfsf] ljsf;

lzlIft ju{n] /f0ff zf;gsf] cTofrf/ / lg/+s’z zf;gsf] lj/f]w ug{ yfn]. lzIffn] pgLx¿nfO{ :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / clwsf/af/] ;r]t agfof] . o;} sf/0f lzlIft JolQmx¿ /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo ;xefuL eP, h;n] g]kfnL ;dfhdf :jtGqtfsf] efjgf hfu[t u/fof] .

kqklqsf / k|sfzgsf] ;’?jft

o; ;dodf lzlIft JolQmx¿n] u’Kt ¿kdf kr{f, kqklqsf tyf lstfax¿ k|sfzg u/L hgr]tgf km}nfpg] sfd u/] .

of] sfnnfO{ ljkIf sfn -Opposition period) eGg’sf] d’Vo sf/0f eg]sf] /f0ff zf;gsf] s7f]/ lg/+s’z zf;gsf] lj/f]wdf rnfOPsf] cfGbf]ng / lzIffsf] dfu xf] /f0ffx¿n] lzIff ;Lldt JolQmx¿nfO{ dfq lbg] gLlt ckgfPsf lyP, h;sf] lj/f]wdf ;r]t ju{n] cfjfh p7fof] . o; ;dodf lzIffsf] ljsf; d’VotM /f0ff zf;gsf] gLltsf] k|lt/f]w / lj/f]w :j¿k ePsf]n] o;nfO{ ljkIf sfn elgPsf] xf] .

• Discuss the influence of National Education System Plan (2028 BS) on education system of Nepal.

/fli6«o lzIff k|0ffnL of]hgf (National Education System Plan ( NESP) @)@* ;fn g]kfndf klxnf] k6s j}1flgs / Jojl:yt ¿kdf lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o cfjZostf cg’;f/ ;’wf/ ug{] k|of;sf ¿kdf k|:t’t ul/Psf] of]hgf xf]. of] of]hgf tTsfnLg k~rfotL zf;g / dx]G› /fhfsf] zf;gsfndf nfu” ul/Psf] lyof].

o; of]hgfsf] d’Vo p2]Zo lzIffdf Ps¿ktf n\ofpg], u’0f:t/ j[l4 ug{] / /fli6«o ljsf;;Fu lzIff hf]8\g] /x]sf] lyof]. o;cGtu{t b]ze/ Pp6} kf7\oqmd, Pp6} lzIf0f efiff g]kfnL / Pp6} k/LIff k4lt k|of]u ul/of]. lzIffnfO{ Jojxfl/s, k|fljlws / /f]huf/Ld’vL agfpg ljz]if hf]8 lbOof], h;n] /fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{] nIo /fVof] . of] of]hgf @)@* b]lv @)#^ ;fn ;Dd sfo{fGjogdf /Xof]. o;n] g]kfndf klxnf] k6s lzIff ;+/rgf k|fylds, dfWolds / pRr lzIff) nfu” u‍{of] / k’/fgf] k/Dk/fut lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ k|lt:yfkg u/]sf] kfOG5  .

/fli6«o lzIff k|0ffnL of]hgf (@)@*) sf] g]kfndf lzIffdf k|efjnfO{ a’Fbfut ?kdf lgDg cg’;f/ JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 M

• b]ze/ Ps¿k / ;dfg lzIff k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ul/of].
• Pp6} kf7\oqmd / Pp6} k/LIff k|0ffnL nfu” ul/of].
• g]kfnL efiffnfO{ lzIf0f dfWodsf ¿kdf clgjfo{ ul/of].
• gofF lzIff ;+/rgf nfu” ul/of].
• k|fljlws / Jofj;flos lzIffdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOof].
• bIf hgzlQm pTkfbgnfO{ lzIffsf] d’Vo p2]Zo agfOof].
• lghL ljBfnox¿sf] /fli6«os/0f ul/of].
• ljBfno / lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf n\ofOof].
• k|fylds lzIffdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx’Fr lj:tf/ ul/of].
• u|fdL0f If]qdf ljBfno :yfkgf a9fOof].
• lzIfs tflnddf ;’wf/ n\ofpg] k|of; ul/of].
• kf7\oqmdnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;;Fu hf]l8of].

/fli6«o lzIff k|0ffnL of]hgf @)@* n] g]kfnsf] lzIff If]qdf 7″nf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5. o;n] b]ze/ Ps¿k / ;dfg lzIff k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ub{} Pp6} kf7\oqmd / Pp6} k/LIff k|0ffnL nfu” u‍{of]. g]kfnL efiffnfO{ lzIf0f dfWodsf ¿kdf clgjfo{ agfOof], h;n] /fli6«o Pstf / klxrfg dha’t agfpg of]ubfg k’‍{ofof]. o; of]hgf cGtu{t klxnf]k6s gofF lzIff ;+/rgf nfu” ul/of] / lzIffnfO{ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flosd’vL agfpg] k|of; ul/of] . bIf hgzlQm pTkfbgnfO{ lzIffsf] d’Vo p2]Zo agfOof] / ljBfno tyf lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf n\ofOof]. lghL ljBfnox¿sf] /fli6«os/0f u/L k|fylds lzIffdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx’Fr lj:tf/ ul/of] / u|fdL0f If]qdf ljBfno :yfkgf a9fOof]. lzIfs tflnddf ;’wf/ n\ofOof] / kf7\oqmdnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;;Fu hf]l8of]. k~rfotL ljrf/ wf/fnfO{ lzIffdf ;dfj]z u/L /fli6«otf / Pstf clej[l4df hf]8 lbOof]. oBlk o;n] lzIffdf s]G›Los/0fsf] k|j[lQ a9fPsf] / lghL ljBfnox¿sf] ljsf;df cj/f]w k’‍{ofPsf] klg kfOG5. o;/L, of] of]hgf g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw’lgs, Jojxfl/s / /fi6« ljsf;d’vL agfpg dxTjk”0f{ dflgG5 .

• Present the steps for preparing School Improvement Plan and mention the cycle undertaken for its preparation.

ljBfno ;’wf/ of]hgf (School Improvement Plan) eg]sf] ljBfnosf] z}lIfs :t/, jftfj/0f, Joj:yfkg, / ;du| u’0f:t/ ;’wf/ ug{ agfOg] lj:t[t of]hgf xf]. o;n] ljBfnosf sdhf]/Lx¿ kQf nufO{ ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu p2]Zo, /0fgLlt, / sfo{ut sbdx¿ lgw{f/0f ub{5 . o; of]hgfdf ljBfy{Lsf] l;sfO, lzIfssf] ljsf;, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;b’kof]u, cleefjs / ;d’bfosf] ;xeflutf nufotsf kIfx¿ ;dfj]z x’G5G. . o;sf] d’Vo p2]Zo ljBfnonfO{ ;du| ?kdf k|efjsf/L / u’0f:t/Lo agfpg’ xf] .

ljBfno ;’wf/ of]hgfdf k|efj kfg{] tTJfx?

lglxt :jfy{

ck”0f{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f

;”rgf Joj:yfkg

;”rgf k|jfx k4lt

:yfgLo txdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ug{] Ifdtf

cleefjs tyf ;d’bfosf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf

ljBfno ;’wf/ of]hgfsf p2]Zox?

ljBfnosf] ljsf;df :yfgLo ;xefuLtf clej[l4 u/L ckgTjsf efjgf hufpg]

:yfgLo:t/d} of]hgf lgdf{0f, kl/dfh{g, sfof{Gjog / cg’udg ug{] ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{]

;|f]tx?sf] ljt/0fdf kf/blz{tf NofO{ cfk;L ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f a9fpg]

:yfgLo :t/d} ;Lldt ;|f]tsf] klxrfg / kl/rfng u/L clwstd pknlAw xfl;n ug{]

ljBfnosf sfo{s|dx? of]hgfa4 / Jojl:yt ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; ug{]

ljBfno ;d’bfosf nflu / ;d’bfosf] ;xof]u ljBfnosf nflu eGg] efjgf hfu[t u/fpg]

;a}sf nflu u’0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{]

ljBfno ;’wf/ of]hgfsf r/0fx?

!=ljBfnosf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f

o;cGtu{t ljBfnosf cfut ;DaGwL kIfx?, ljBfnodf sfo{/t kIfx?, bIftf / pknlAwut tTjx? ;]jf If]q leqsf pd]/ ;d”xsf afnaflnsfsf] tYof+s tyf cGo cfjZos kIfx?sf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .

ljBfnosf ljBdfg z}lIfs ;d:of / d’2fx?sf] klxrfg

ljBfnosf] z}lIfs cj:yf, ljBfy{Lx¿sf] k|bz{g, lzIfsx¿sf] Ifdtf, ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] pknAwtf h:tf kIfx¿sf] ;dLIff ug{]. ljBfy{Lx¿sf] z}lIfs pknlAw, pkl:ylt, af/Daf/ cg’kl:ytL, glthf / ljifout sdhf]/Lx¿sf] tYof+s ;+sng ug{]. lzIfsx¿sf] z}lIfs :t/, tflnd, l;sfO ljlw, cg’zf;g nufotsf kIfx¿ d”n\of+sg ug{].

nIo lgwf{/0f

of]hgf cjlwdf k|fKt ug{ vf]lhPsf] pknlAwnfO{ nIo elgG5 . of]hgfdf nIox? :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug{‘k5{ . bL3{sfnLg / cNksfnLg nIox? lgwf{/0f u/]/ clw a9\g’k5{ .

sfo{gLlt tyf ls|ofsnfkx? lgwf{/0f

ljBfnosf klxrfg ul/Psf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{] bL3{sfnLg / 5f]6f]sfnLg pkfox¿ to ug{] k|lqmof xf]. sfo{gLltn] ljBfno ;’wf/sf nflu cfjZos lbzf, ;|f]t / k|fyldstfx¿ lgw{f/0f u5{. pbfx/0fsf nflu, ljBfy{Lx¿sf] l;sfO ;’wf/sf nflu lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{gLlt agfpg’, jf ljBfy{L cg’kl:ytL sd ug{ cleefjs ;+nUgtf a9fpg] /0fgLlt to ug{‘.

;|f]tx?sf] klxrfg / ljZn]if0f

ljBfno ;’wf/ of]hgfsf] ;kmn sfo{fGjogsf nflu ;|f]tx¿sf] ;xL klxrfg / ljZn]if0f cToGt dxTjk”0f{ x’G5. ;|f]t eg]sf] cfly{s, dfgjzlQm, ef}lts k”j{fwf/, ;do / ;fdflhs ;xof]uh:tf ;a} pknAw ;fwgx¿nfO{ hgfpF5. ljBfnon] cfkm”nfO{ pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgsf] Ifdtf, ;Ldf / cfjZostfnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf a’em\g’k5{. o;n] ;’wf/ of]hgf tof/ ub{f ;|f]tx¿sf] ;b’kof]u / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lhnf] agfpF5 .

ljBfnosf] efjL b[li6sf]0f

ljBfno ;’wf/ of]hgfdf ljBfnosf] efjL b[li6sf]0f :ki6 ¿kdf lgw{f/0f ug{‘ cToGt dxTjk”0f{ x’G5. efjL b[li6sf]0fn] ljBfnon] cfufdL lbgx¿df s] s:tf] cj:yfdf k’Ug rfxG5 / s] p2]Zon] sfd ul//xg] 5 eGg] s’/f k|ltlalDat u5{. o;n] ljBfnonfO{ bL3{sfnLg nIo lgw{f/0f ug{ / To;cg’;f/ /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ ug{ dfu{bz{g u5{ .

of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog, cg’udg, d”Nof+sg / ;’wf/

ljBfno ;’wf/ of]hgfsf] sfo{fGjogdf tf]lsPsf nIo / sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ljBfnosf lzIfs, ljBfy{L, cleefjs tyf ;d’bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf nfu” ul/G5 . o; qmddf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg u/L of]hgf cg’;f/sf ultljlwx¿ ;DkGg ul/G5. sfo{fGjogsf] k|ultsf] cg’udg lgoldt ¿kdf ul/G5 h;n] ub{f of]hgf ;dodf / ;xL tl/sfn] cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s’/f yfxf kfOG5. cg’udgn] s’g} ;d:of jf cj/f]w eP t’?Gt} klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf] kxn ug{ d2t u5{ . sfo{fGjogkl5 of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf / pknlAwx¿sf] d”n\of+sg ul/G5, h;af6 of]hgf ;kmn ePsf] jf ;’wf/ cfjZos If]qx¿ kQf nfU5G. d”n\of+sgsf] cfwf/df cfjZos ;’wf/ / ;dfof]hg ul/G5 / ljBfno ;’wf/ of]hgfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg lg/Gt/ ;’wf/sf] k|lqmof ckgfOG5 . o;/L sfo{fGjog, cg’udg, d”n\of+sg / ;’wf/sf] rqmn] ljBfnosf] u’0f:t/ ;’wf/df dxTjk”0f{ e”ldsf v]n\b5 .

• Despite the implementation of multi-university concept in Nepal, Tribhuvan University, the oldest university, is stilled bearing maximum load of higher education in Nepal. Critically analyzed the present scenario in the field of higher education and give practical suggestion for its improvement.

g]kfndf ax’ ljZjljBfno cjwf/0ff nfu” eP tfklg, ;a}eGbf k’/fgf] lqe’jg ljZjljBfno, h’g ;Gf\ !(%( df :yfkgf ePsf] xf], cem} klg g]kfnsf] pRr lzIffsf] ;a}eGbf 7″nf] ef/ axg ul//x]sf] 5 . lqe’jg ljZjljBfno;Fu b]ze/ w]/} sn]hx¿ ;+a4 5Gf / ljleGg ljifout If]qx¿df Jofks ¿kdf lzIff k|bfg ul//x]sf] sf/0f o;sf] nf]slk|otf cem} pRr 5 .

cGo gofF ljZjljBfnox¿ :yfkgf eP tfklg, lqe’jg ljZjljBfnon] cem} klg ;a}eGbf w]/} ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{ ;]jf lbO/x]sf] 5. o;sf] k’/fgf] k|lti7f, Jofks kx’Fr / t’ngfTds ¿kdf lskmfotL lzIff k|bfg ug{] Ifdtfsf sf/0f w]/} ljBfy{Lx¿sf nflu k|fylds ljsn\k ag]sf] 5. To;}n], pRr lzIffdf w]/} ef/ af]s]sf] lqe’jg ljZjljBfnon] u’0f:t/Lo lzIff ;’lglZrt ug{ r’gf}tLx¿ klg ;fdgf ul//x]sf] 5 .

xfnsf] pRr lzIff If]qdf lqe’jg ljZjljBfnodfly cTolws ljBfy{L ef/, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cefj, / u’0f:t/ Joj:yfkgdf r’gf}tLx¿ b]vf k/]sf 5G. gofF ljZjljBfnox¿sf] :yfkgf eP klg ltgLx¿sf] kx’Fr / lj:tf/ lqe’jg ljZjljBfnosf] t’ngfdf sd ePsf]n] ljBfy{Lx¿ d’Vo ¿kdf lqe’jg ljZjljBfnotkm{ em’sfj b]lvG5 . o;n] ljZjljBfnosf] Joj:yfkgdf bafa a9fPsf] 5 / lzIffsf] u’0f:t/df ;d]t c;/ k’‍{ofO/x]sf] 5 . a9L ljBfyL{x?sf sf/0f u’0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;d]t c;/ k’u]sf] 5 .

Pp6f HjnGt pbfx/0f eg]sf] ljBfyL{x?sf] k/LIff ;dod} k|sfzg gx’g’sf ;fy} pTt/k’l:tsf ;d]t pko”St tj/af6 k/LIf0f ;d]t gu/]/ glthfdf q’l6 ;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} ljZjljBfnosf ljleGg ejg tyf sIffsf]7fx? l8lh6n x’g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . s’g} s’g] ejgx? t eTsg] cj:yfdf ;d]t 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;dod g} k’g dd{t tyf ;Def/ gx”Fbf ljZjljBfnosf] cf+lus SofDk; lqrGb|sf] xfnt lh0f{ ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . h;n] ljBfyfL{x?sf] lzIffdf ;d]t k|efj kfg{ ;S5 . k|zf;lgs ;’:ttf,u’0f:t/df sdL, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cefj,cfw’lgs k|ljlw, cg’;Gwfgsf nflu ah]6 / ;|f]tsf] sdL, cg’;Gwfg / gjk|jt{gdf ko{fKt Wofg glbPsfn] ljZjljBfnon] j}1flgs / k|fljlws k|ultdf k5fl8 kg{] vt/f x’G5. lzIfsx¿sf] sdL / tof/Ldf ;d:of,;+a4 sn]hx¿sf] lgu/fgL cefj: w]/} ;+a4 sn]hx¿df lzIff u’0f:t/ lgoGq0f ug{ sl7gfO cflb o; ljZj ljBfnosf ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5G .

pRr lzIffsf] ;’wf/sf nflu ljZjljBfnox¿sf] :jtGqtf / Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5 . cGo ljZjljBfnox¿nfO{ a9L :jfoQtf / ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg’ kb{5 tfls ltgLx¿n] u’0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;s”G. lzIfssf] u’0f:t/ ;’wf/, cfw’lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, cg’;Gwfg / gjLgtfsf] k|f]T;fxg klg cfjZos 5 . ;fy}, lghL ljZjljBfno / SofDk;x¿sf] lgodg / u’0f:t/ lgoGq0fnfO{ s8f agfpg’k5 {. ljBfy{Lx¿sf] ;xh kx’Fr / ljsn\k lj:tf/ ug{ If]qLo ljZjljBfnox¿sf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg’ kg{]5. o;/L dfq} g]kfnsf] pRr lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dtfd”ns, u’0f:t/Lo / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 .

;dfKt